This article addresses the socially significant issue of social participation. The author offers a
systematic review of European Union and Community legislation on participatory institutions,
identifying both the strengths and the weaknesses of the legal solutions currently in force. Partic
ular attention is devoted to two relatively recent participatory institutions: energy cooperatives
and school cooperatives. In conclusion, the author advances five postulates, focusing on the need
to enhance effectiveness both in enacting legislation conducive to participation and at the stage
of its practical application, including in the activity of public administration bodies
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